Understanding Global Warming - Oversigt
Understanding Global Warming
Oversigt
The Kingdom of Denmark is a mighty area that extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Baltic Sea to the south. Every thousand years we experience a Warm Period coinciding with a half Super Grand Solar Cycle. We are almost two hundred years into the current Modern Warm Period. It is associated with milder weather and more rainfall, but more extreme weather is not yet recorded.
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| No climate change is felt in the garden here in Skanderborg. The summers are as balmy as in my boyhood. Sometimes we can skate on the lake and often we can not. Looking further into our entire kingdom, a pattern of variation is observed that repeats itself within a man's lifetime. If we also look far back in time, archaeological variations are traced that repeat themselves every thousand years and give an expectation that the mild and fertile climate in the Egtved girl's time is on its way to us now for the benefit of our descendants and heirs. |
Quite surprisingly gives our findings expectation of a safe and prosperous future driven by a pleasant climate
Annexes
List of Annexes to the subject:
Has the weather become more extreme in the Kingdom of Denmark?
It’s Sunshine that warms. Sunshine itself is not a mainstream concern. Sunshine is by no means an issue in the climate debate. It is regrettable. Sunshine is the most important climate driver in Denmark.
Vulcanic Activity. In Greenland, a long “thermal track” was recently revealed beneath the miles-thick ice sheet that covers the giant island. The scar’s track through Greenland still shows a measurable heat signature. It may mean that Greenland can expel its ice faster
Sea Level in Denmark. Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) registers sea level in ports all over the world - including The Danish port Fynshav, ID PSMSL 1197. Système d'Observation du Level des Eaux Littorales (SONEL) records GPS station data near some of the same ports. The difference between land elevation / lowering and sea level gives a good picture of the true sea level change. For Fynshav both data sets are available, and the difference is calculated by SONEL and shown in the screenshot below. For Fynshav the sea level difference is 0,80 +/- 0,83 mm per year – not far from the general average rise of approximately 1 mm stated by Nils-AxelMörner.
The Egtved Girl and her time. Karin Margarita Frei of The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen has convincingly told us about the Egtved girl and her age as a warm and fruitful period - at least as warm as now, hence the interest in the Minoan Warm Period.
Earth Atmosphere and CO2. When carbon dioxide CO2 is released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels, approximately 50% remains in the atmosphere, while 25% is absorbed by land plants and trees, and the other 25% is absorbed into the ocean. That is how it has been since measurements at Mauna Loa began.
Cloud cover is an inverse proxy for sunshine. The problems and unwillingness to take into account the cloud cover and thus the influence of the sun on the climate here on Earth weaken the models' value as tools for realistic predictions.
Energy – Beyond Oil and Gas. George Andrew Olah was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994. In 2011, he accepted our invitation as an honorary member of the Danish Methanol Association.
Population and Energy. The sheriff enforced Oct. 2019 the largest emergency evacuations in Santa Rosa as the Kincade Fire continued growing. Santa Rosa was hit hard by the Tubbs wildfire that destroyed thousands of homes and killed 22 people two years ago. A swarm of fires burned almost identical areas of Napa and Sonoma counties in September 1964, 53 years ago. Despite burning tens of thousands of acres, these fires did not cost any lives, partly because the area was less inhabited than it is now. There have always been wildfires in California, and nothing indicates things have changed - only the damage is growing with increasing population density.
Potential wind power in Denmark. Denmark currently has 15 offshore wind farms, with a capacity of 1,699 MW (25 PJ) and other 4,924 MW (73 PJ) decided by 2030. Including existing onshore wind turbines, 123 PJ will be reached in 2030. The mapping above shows good locations for 12,400 MW (185 PJ) offshore wind – more than enough to meet our 55% renewable target for 2030 and halfway to meet the ambitious 2050 target (507 PJ wind)
As of May 2019, there were 452 nuclear power reactors in operation in 31 countries around the world, with a combined capacity of about 400 gigawatts (GW). Most of the nuclear power plants now in operation in advanced economies were built in the 1970s and 1980s. The most important reason for the collapse of investor appetite for new nuclear projects in Europe and the United States is the project management track record of the last decade – major delays and large cost overruns.
IPCC dominates Danish politics. All the 14 parliamentary parties are IPCC conform except for one – Nye Borgerlige. The parliament has adopted a target of 55% renewable energy in 2030 and 100% in 2050. Some nonconforming politicians follow the majority thinking it does no harm to plant trees and build wind turbines.
Advanced 2. generation bio-methanol made from waste and residues turns out cheaper than 1. generation bio-ethanol made from agricultural crops. Danish farms can supply manure slurry to produce bio-methanol and our wind and solar farms can supply surplus electricity to electro-methanol. In Denmark this makes 105 Octane M85 the attractive motor fuel made entirely of waste, wind or solar energy. This contrasts with E85 made from edible crops.
Conversion of energy. Energy carrier change is associated with an energy loss. The loss grows the longer the conversion is driven and the more user friendly the fuel becomes - the same with the process costs.
Extreme Storms are long in waiting. Stormy weather in Denmark has certainly not become more frequent or worse.
Cloudbursts - Link Blog
Extreme Cloudburst are rare. According to Mainstream, more extreme weather is already upon us. On the contrary. We've got more rain in Denmark, but the intensity has not been increasing. There are not many cloudbursts at all, and they have not become more frequent in the last 40 years.Temperature - Link Blog
Temperature is getting more pleasant. Our northernmost regions are heavily influenced by the periodic Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The warm before World War II is very clear here and the same warm is happening again right now. The AMO has a periodicity of 60–80 years
Vulcanoes - Link - Blog
Vulcanic Activity. In Greenland, a long “thermal track” was recently revealed beneath the miles-thick ice sheet that covers the giant island. The scar’s track through Greenland still shows a measurable heat signature. It may mean that Greenland can expel its ice faster
Sea Level - Link Blog
Sea Level in Denmark. Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) registers sea level in ports all over the world - including The Danish port Fynshav, ID PSMSL 1197. Système d'Observation du Level des Eaux Littorales (SONEL) records GPS station data near some of the same ports. The difference between land elevation / lowering and sea level gives a good picture of the true sea level change. For Fynshav both data sets are available, and the difference is calculated by SONEL and shown in the screenshot below. For Fynshav the sea level difference is 0,80 +/- 0,83 mm per year – not far from the general average rise of approximately 1 mm stated by Nils-AxelMörner.
Potatoes - Link Blog
Potatoes. However, breeding and better cultivation techniques do not deprive the weather of its share in the better crop yields. Even Greenlandic potato growers have benefited from the good weather that has made them self-sufficient.
Carbon household and pools.
Scientists and Summary. In the 1950s, Willi Dansgaard investigated the relationship between the mean annual temperature and the δ18O (oxygen isotope) of precipitation at many locations worldwide. He was the first paleo climatologist to demonstrate that measurements of δ18O and δD (deuterium) in accumulated glacier ice could be used as an indicator of past climate. He was also the first scientist to extract paleoclimatic information from the
Greenlandic Camp Century ice core.
Greenlandic Camp Century ice core.
Henrys Law - Link Blog
William Henry (1774 –1836) was an English chemist. He developed what is known as Henry's Law. It is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality is temperature dependent.Egtved Girl - Link Blog
The Egtved Girl and her time. Karin Margarita Frei of The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen has convincingly told us about the Egtved girl and her age as a warm and fruitful period - at least as warm as now, hence the interest in the Minoan Warm Period.
Carbon Pools - Link Blog
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) beautifully illustrates the Earth's carbon stocks and shows a simplified scheme for the global carbon cycles. The carbon stocks indicated in the same figure are compactly represented in the diagram of the four Carbon Pools.Atmosphere - Link Blog
Earth Atmosphere and CO2. When carbon dioxide CO2 is released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels, approximately 50% remains in the atmosphere, while 25% is absorbed by land plants and trees, and the other 25% is absorbed into the ocean. That is how it has been since measurements at Mauna Loa began.
Climate Models - Link Blog
Cloud cover is an inverse proxy for sunshine. The problems and unwillingness to take into account the cloud cover and thus the influence of the sun on the climate here on Earth weaken the models' value as tools for realistic predictions.
People and Energy
Energy - Blog
Methanol - Link Blog
Energy – Beyond Oil and Gas. George Andrew Olah was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994. In 2011, he accepted our invitation as an honorary member of the Danish Methanol Association.
Population and Energy. The sheriff enforced Oct. 2019 the largest emergency evacuations in Santa Rosa as the Kincade Fire continued growing. Santa Rosa was hit hard by the Tubbs wildfire that destroyed thousands of homes and killed 22 people two years ago. A swarm of fires burned almost identical areas of Napa and Sonoma counties in September 1964, 53 years ago. Despite burning tens of thousands of acres, these fires did not cost any lives, partly because the area was less inhabited than it is now. There have always been wildfires in California, and nothing indicates things have changed - only the damage is growing with increasing population density.
Electrofuels - Link - Blog
Electrofuels provision. The 39 PJ/y biogas available in Denmark from straw and manure is associated with 1.160.000 t carbon dioxide which may be hydrogenated to further 21 PJ methane. Both sources of a total of 60 PJ correspond to 2.1 million ton biomethanol. Carbon dioxide by “Direct Air Capture” is abundant, but still in the range of $600/t. It is supposed that $100/t become within reach, when the process matures.Windpower - Link Blog
Potential wind power in Denmark. Denmark currently has 15 offshore wind farms, with a capacity of 1,699 MW (25 PJ) and other 4,924 MW (73 PJ) decided by 2030. Including existing onshore wind turbines, 123 PJ will be reached in 2030. The mapping above shows good locations for 12,400 MW (185 PJ) offshore wind – more than enough to meet our 55% renewable target for 2030 and halfway to meet the ambitious 2050 target (507 PJ wind)
Nuclear Power - Link Blog
As of May 2019, there were 452 nuclear power reactors in operation in 31 countries around the world, with a combined capacity of about 400 gigawatts (GW). Most of the nuclear power plants now in operation in advanced economies were built in the 1970s and 1980s. The most important reason for the collapse of investor appetite for new nuclear projects in Europe and the United States is the project management track record of the last decade – major delays and large cost overruns.
Climate Policy - Link
IPCC dominates Danish politics. All the 14 parliamentary parties are IPCC conform except for one – Nye Borgerlige. The parliament has adopted a target of 55% renewable energy in 2030 and 100% in 2050. Some nonconforming politicians follow the majority thinking it does no harm to plant trees and build wind turbines.
Fuel Economy - Link
Advanced 2. generation bio-methanol made from waste and residues turns out cheaper than 1. generation bio-ethanol made from agricultural crops. Danish farms can supply manure slurry to produce bio-methanol and our wind and solar farms can supply surplus electricity to electro-methanol. In Denmark this makes 105 Octane M85 the attractive motor fuel made entirely of waste, wind or solar energy. This contrasts with E85 made from edible crops.
Conversion - Link
Conversion of energy. Energy carrier change is associated with an energy loss. The loss grows the longer the conversion is driven and the more user friendly the fuel becomes - the same with the process costs.
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